Primary and secondary education in the Netherlands is designed to ensure every child receives quality learning. The system is flexible, inclusive, and supports different needs. For families moving to the country, understanding the options can make the transition easier.
Education is free and open to all
Most primary and secondary schools in the Netherlands are funded by the government. This means basic education is free. Schools may request a voluntary contribution for trips or activities, but this is optional. Parents can choose between public, special, and international schools. All follow national learning goals and receive equal funding.
1- Primary education
Primary education starts at age four and continues until age twelve. There are eight school years, called groepen. Groep 1 is for four-year-olds, and Groep 8 is for twelve-year-olds.
The curriculum focuses on reading, writing, mathematics, science, and social skills. In addition, children take part in sports, arts, and cultural activities. Teachers work to develop confidence, teamwork, and independence.
Primary education options for newcomers
Families arriving in the Netherlands can choose from several types of primary education. Each option offers a different style, so it is important to match the school to the child’s personality, learning style, and language needs.
1. Regular Public Schools (Openbaar Onderwijs)
- Open to all children and without religious or philosophical links.
- Suitable for families who want a neutral environment.
- Often close to home, which makes travel easy.
Tip: Visit the school in person to see the teaching style. Ask about extra support for Dutch language learning.
2. Special Schools (Bijzonder Onderwijs)
- May be based on a religion (Catholic, Protestant, Islamic, Jewish) or on a teaching method such as Montessori, Dalton, or Steiner.
- All children are welcome, even if they do not share the same religion.
Tip: If you value a specific educational philosophy, research how the school applies it in daily lessons.
3. International Schools
- Teach mainly in English or another language.
- Follow international programs like IB or Cambridge.
- Designed for children who may move between countries during their education.
Tip: Check admission policies early. Places can be limited, and waiting lists are common.
4. Language Schools (Taalscholen / Nieuwkomersklassen)
- Special classes for children who do not speak Dutch yet.
- Focus on language learning for one year before joining a regular class.
Tip: Ask your local municipality (gemeente) about language class availability. This can help children adapt faster to the Dutch system.
Because the system is flexible, parents can combine options. For example, a child can start in a language school and later move to a regular or special school.
Transition to Secondary education
At the end of primary school, children receive a school advice based on teacher evaluations and sometimes a national test (Cito or similar). This advice is important, as it guides the choice of secondary education path. Parents can discuss this advice with the school before making a decision.
2- Secondary Education in Depth
Secondary education starts at age 12 and offers three main learning paths. The goal is to place students where they can succeed best. Movement between paths is possible if a student’s progress improves.
VMBO – Preparatory Secondary Vocational Education
- Duration: 4 years
- Focus: Practical skills and basic academic subjects.
- Ideal for: Students aiming for vocational training or apprenticeships.
VMBO is divided into four levels:
- Basisberoepsgerichte leerweg (BBL): Most practical level, with hands-on learning.
- Kaderberoepsgerichte leerweg (KBL): Mix of practical and theoretical learning.
- Gemengde leerweg (GL): Equal focus on theory and practice.
- Theoretische leerweg (TL): More academic, allows transition to HAVO.
Tip for parents: Visit vocational schools to see workshops and labs. Ask about internships, as these often help with future employment.
HAVO – Senior General Secondary Education
- Duration: 5 years
- Focus: Academic subjects with applied learning.
- Ideal for: Students planning to attend universities of applied sciences.
Students choose subject clusters in the last two years, such as:
- Science and Technology
Science and Health - Economics and Society
- Culture and Society
Tip for parents: Discuss with your child which cluster matches their interests and career ideas. This choice affects future study options.
VWO – Pre-University Education
- Duration: 6 years
- Focus: Advanced academic learning and analytical skills.
- Ideal for: Students aiming for research universities.
VWO also offers two types:
- Atheneum: Academic without Latin or Greek.
- Gymnasium: Includes Latin and Greek for a classical education.
Tip for parents: Encourage a balance between study and activities like sports or arts. This helps reduce academic stress.
Support and flexibility
The Dutch system includes help for students with special needs or language barriers. Learning coaches, extra lessons, and bridging classes are available. Furthermore, students can transfer between VMBO, HAVO, and VWO if they show readiness.
Primary and secondary education in the Netherlands is successful because it combines choice, equality, and flexibility. From the first school years to university preparation, the system supports both academic and personal growth. Families can select a school style, language program, and learning path that best suits their child.
Final Thoughts
For newcomers, understanding the school system is the first step to helping children thrive. Primary and secondary education in the Netherlands offers multiple paths and support for different needs. With careful choice and active involvement, parents can make the most of the opportunities available. Therefore, explore, ask questions, and stay engaged in your child’s learning journey.
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Disclaimer:
This blog is for informational and awareness purposes only. The content can be verified from other sources. The author accepts no legal responsibility for any decisions made based on this information.